Difference between Top-down, Bottom up and Interactive Reading Approach.

Bottom-Up Models	Top-Down Models	Interactive Models
1960s - 1970s	1970s - 1980s	late 1980s - present
- Reading is a decoding process (focus on the text). - The phonics approach to teaching reading is used.	Reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game (focus on the reader). - The "whole language" approach to teaching reading is used.	Reading is a process of constructing meaning from text through the use of both bottom-up and top-down processes, strategies, and skills (focus on the interaction). - The balanced approach to teaching reading is used.
1) alphabet letters + sounds g words 2) words + grammar rules    g sentences 3) sentences + discourse rules g paragraphs g longer discourses	1) The reader receives input from the text, makes predictions (based on conceptual abilities, background knowledge, and language processing skills), tests and confirms or revises those prediction. 2) Use a holistic approach to reading and writing that advocates the use of children's literature and authentic reading materials.	1) Both bottom-up and top-down processes occur simultaneously for the reader to comprehend the meaning of the text. 2) Two levels of interaction:    - the interaction between the reader and the text.    - the interaction between two kinds of cognitive skills: identification and interpretation.